Writers Guild of America and Screen Actors Guild members and supporters on a picket line outside Paramount Studios in Los Angeles on July 17, 2023.
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The recent wave of worker strikes have ushered in a new era: the “summer of strikes,” also known as hot strike summer.
Employees at UPS, Amazon, Starbucks and entertainment companies across Hollywood have walked off the job or threatened to do so over the last few months in an effort to pressure their bosses to improve conditions and pay them more.
More than 200 strikes have occurred across the U.S. so far in 2023, involving more than 320,000 workers, compared with 116 strikes and 27,000 workers over the same period in 2021, according to data by the Cornell ILR School Labor Action Tracker.
“Workers have more bargaining power given the strength of the economy,” said Harry Katz, a professor at Cornell University.
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Employees who withhold their labor can face a number of consequences, including losing their job and health insurance, experts said. As a result, they should learn their protections.
“Strikes are a powerful tool for exercising power, but because our labor law is so weak it comes with great risk for workers,” said Sharon Block, a professor at Harvard Law School and the executive director of the Center for Labor and a Just Economy.
Here’s what to know.
Workers typically have the right to strike
The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 codified the right to strike into law. As a result, all workers covered by the NLRA have the right to participate in lawful strikes, Block said.
What is a lawful strike?
The National Labor Relations Board defines two classes of lawful strikers: those protesting unfair labor practices at their workplace and those who are fighting its economic conditions.
“If workers are standing together in a strike for better wages and working conditions, they should feel confident that their strike is protected,” Block said.
That includes workers who are not in unions, she added, “as long as they act collectively.”
That last part is important.
“Strikes have to be ‘collective action’ to be protected,” said Kenneth Dau-Schmidt, a law professor at Indiana University Bloomington. “Generally that means you have to do it as a group.”
Two people can constitute a group, he said, but “the larger, the better.”
Even then, there are exceptions.
Those in the private sector covered by the Railway Labor Act, which includes most railway and airline employees, are subject to that law rather than the NLRA.
“Workers covered by the Railway Labor Act are also allowed to strike, but there are many more obstacles and procedures for them to get through before they can strike,” Dau-Schmidt said.
“The RLA system is set up to facilitate mediation and presidential or congressional intervention before a strike, so big railway strikes are rare,” he added.
Most government employees are prohibited from striking in the U.S. Only a handful of states — about eight — have passed their own laws permitting certain public sector workers to strike.
Meanwhile, Dau-Schmidt said: “No state allows police or firefighters to strike.”
Strikers can be replaced in many cases
Under the NLRA, workers can’t be fired or discriminated against for participating in a strike.
However, economic strikers can be permanently replaced if their employer hires someone else to do their job, Dau-Schmidt said: “Permanent replacement looks a lot like firing from the employees’ perspective.”
Strikers must be offered a position vacated by their replacement before anyone else is hired, though, Block said.
UPS reached a tentative agreement to renew a five-year labor contract with the Teamsters ahead of a July 31, 2023 deadline, averting a costly strike.
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“Strikers just have to make an unconditional offer to return and wait for an opening,” she said.
If workers were on strike due to unfair labor practices, they may have a right to reinstatement, but that process, Dau-Schmidt said, “can often take a long time and people often move on to other jobs.”
And employees “can never be sure their strike will be found to be an unfair labor practice strike,” he cautioned.
Pay and health insurance is ‘a real problem’
Workers who go on strike generally lose their wages, Dau-Schmidt said. “If you don’t work, you don’t get paid.”
Yet if the strike was over unfair labor practices, which was caused by violations of the law by their employer, they may qualify for back pay, he added.
Strikes have to be ‘collective action’ to be protected. Generally that means you have to do it as a group.
Kenneth Dau-Schmidt
law professor at Indiana University Bloomington
Economic strikers typically also get their other workplace benefits, including health insurance, nixed.
“Health insurance is a real problem,” Dau-Schmidt said. “Employers can suspend or end coverage.”
But, he said, “sometimes employers won’t kick employees off of the health insurance right away because it escalates the conflict and almost ensures an unhappy ending.”
Some states offer unemployment benefits to strikers
There is no federal law guaranteeing workers on strike jobless benefits, said Michele Evermore, a senior fellow at The Century Foundation.
But two states — New York and New Jersey — provide some unemployment coverage to strikers.
There is also a bill working its way through the Massachusetts Legislature that would offer unemployment benefits to those who have been on strike over a labor dispute for 30 days or more.
“States have the right to decide that they do not want to see striking workers and their families go hungry while they are fighting for a fair work contract,” Evermore said.
