CNN
—
Here’s a look at the process of impeachment, a misconduct charge that leads to a trial to determine whether a public official is guilty of abuse of power or other offenses. A conviction leads to removal from office.
Article I of the Constitution gives the House of Representatives the “sole power of impeachment.”
Offenses that could prompt impeachment are treason, bribery or “other high crimes and misdemeanors.”
The inclusion of “other high crimes and misdemeanors” gives the legislative branch flexibility to investigate an array of allegations.
A president is not impeached until the full House votes to approve articles of impeachment.
One article of impeachment is drafted for each alleged offense.
In the House, if a simple majority votes in favor of impeachment, the chief justice of the Supreme Court presides over a trial in the Senate. A two-thirds majority is required to convict and remove a president from office.
The Founding Fathers modeled the impeachment clause after a system in Britain which gives Parliament the authority to investigate royal advisers and other higher officials.
Countries around the globe have different processes for ousting a leader, often involving courts and/or legislative bodies.
Congress has conducted four presidential impeachment trials: President Andrew Johnson in 1868, for firing a cabinet secretary without the consent of Congress, President Bill Clinton in 1998 for perjury and obstruction of justice and two against President Donald Trump, in 2020 for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress and in 2021 for incitement of insurrection.
Johnson, Clinton and Trump were acquitted, so they stayed in office.
Trump is the only president in US history to ever be impeached twice and the first to have his impeachment tried in the Senate while out of office.
President Richard M. Nixon faced possible impeachment on the grounds of obstruction of justice, abuse of power and contempt of Congress in relation to the Watergate scandal. He resigned in 1974, before a vote was conducted in the House of Representatives.
In addition to the presidential impeachments, Congress has carried out 17 other trials for federal officials including judges, a cabinet member and a senator.
On the state level, state legislatures have the power to impeach and remove governors. Two notable examples are Arizona Governor Evan Mecham in 1988 and Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich in 2009.
President Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)
Johnson, a Democrat, took office after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln in 1865. Amid efforts to unite the country after the Civil War, Johnson clashed with the “Radical Republicans” who wanted to accelerate the process of Reconstruction and grant rights to free slaves. To introduce a check on his power, Congress passed a law barring the president from firing appointed officials, including cabinet secretaries, without Senate approval.
February 21, 1868 – Johnson dismisses Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, who backed the “Radical Republicans” campaign for Reconstruction.
February 24, 1868 – The House of Representatives votes 126-47 to impeach Johnson for firing Stanton.
March 5-May 26, 1868 – Trial in the Senate. Johnson is acquitted with a vote of 35-19, one vote shy of the two thirds majority needed to remove the president. Johnson serves out the rest of his term (until March 4, 1869), but he doesn’t run for reelection. Democrats opt to nominate Horatio Seymour over Johnson during the prelude to the 1868 election.
1926 – The Supreme Court strikes down the Tenure of Office Act, the basis for Johnson’s impeachment.
President Bill Clinton (1993-2001)
Clinton was sued in 1994 by Paula Jones for sexual harassment. Although Clinton and Jones eventually settled the suit rather than going to trial, the litigation sparked an investigation into whether Clinton obstructed justice and lied under oath. The probe centered on Clinton’s relationship with a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky.
The president repeatedly denied that they had had an affair but eventually said that their relationship was inappropriate. The Clinton investigation was overseen by a special prosecutor, Kenneth Starr, who was originally appointed to look into possible financial crimes involving an Arkansas land deal and a development firm called Whitewater. In 1998, after a four-year investigation, Starr produced a 445-page report detailing Clinton’s relationship with Lewinsky. The report listed acts that could be grounds for impeachment.
December 19, 1998 – Four articles of impeachment are set forth in the House of Representatives. Two articles are approved. One, approved by a 228-206 vote, alleges that Clinton committed perjury when he told a grand jury that he did not have an affair with Lewinsky. The other, approved by a 221-212 vote, alleges that Clinton coerced Lewinsky to lie under oath about their relationship. Two other articles, alleging abuse of power and further perjury, fail to garner a simple majority.
January 7, 1999-February 12, 1999 – The trial is held, and Clinton is acquitted. For the perjury charge, 55 senators vote not guilty and for the obstruction of justice charge, 50 senators vote to acquit the president. Clinton serves out the rest of his term.
President Donald Trump (2016-2021)
September 24, 2019 – House Speaker Nancy Pelosi announces a formal impeachment inquiry into Trump.
October 31, 2019 – The House approves a resolution to formalize the procedures of the impeachment inquiry against Trump.
November 13, 2019 – The first public hearings of the inquiry take place.
December 10, 2019 – House Democratic leaders announce they will bring two articles of impeachment against Trump, charging him with abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.
December 13, 2019 – The House Judiciary Committee approves the two articles of impeachment in a party line vote, setting the stage for a vote on the floor of the House.
December 18, 2019 – The House votes almost entirely along party lines to impeach Trump. The vote for abuse of power is 230-197 and the vote for obstruction of Congress is 229-198.
January 16, 2020 – The House formally presents two articles of impeachment to the Senate after voting to approve the seven managers who will prosecute the case.
January 16, 2020 – The Government Accountability Office, a nonpartisan congressional watchdog, says the Trump administration broke the law when it withheld US security aid to Ukraine in 2019 that had been appropriated by Congress.
January 16, 2020 – The Senate impeachment trial officially begins. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts swears in the senators. Each present member of the chamber comes forward and signs the oath book on the floor of the Senate.
February 5, 2020 – The Senate votes to acquit Trump. Sen. Mitt Romney is the sole Republican to vote to convict the president on the abuse of power charge, joining with all Senate Democrats in a 52-48 not guilty vote. Romney votes with Republicans against the obstruction of Congress charge, which falls along straight party lines, 53-47 for acquittal.
January 13, 2021 – The House votes to impeach Trump for a second time, 232-197, on the charge of inciting an insurrection, during the January 6 Capitol riots. Trump will likely finish out his term (with only a week left) since it takes a Senate conviction to remove him, even after he’s been impeached.
February 13, 2021 – The Senate acquits former President Trump in his second impeachment trial, voting that Trump is not guilty of inciting the deadly January 6 riot at the US Capitol – but the verdict amounts to a bipartisan rebuke of the former President with seven Republicans finding him guilty, with a final vote of 57 guilty to 43 not guilty.
While presidential impeachments are rare in the United States, it is not unusual for members of Congress to introduce resolutions seeking to oust the commander in chief. Every president since Ronald Reagan has been threatened with impeachment by members of the House.
President Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) – Two separate measures were introduced to impeach Reagan. The first, in 1983, was for offenses related to the invasion of Grenada. The second, in 1987, was tied to the Iran-Contra Affair.
President George H. W. Bush (1989-1993) – In 1991, a resolution was introduced to oust Bush for alleged crimes related to the Gulf War.
President George W. Bush (2001-2009) – A resolution was introduced in 2008 to impeach Bush for a variety of violations associated with the Iraq War and warrantless wiretapping.
President Barack Obama (2009-2017) – In anticipation of potential military campaign in Syria in after the regime allegedly used chemical weapons in 2013, Rep. Walter Jones (R-NC) prepared a resolution to impeach Obama for going to war without consent from Congress.
Albania – Ilir Meta
The ruling Socialist Party has accused Meta of violating the constitution by siding with opposition parties prior to the April 2021 parliamentary elections. The role of president in Albania is largely ceremonial and represents the unity of the country. Meta’s term was set to expire in July 2022.
July 24, 2017 – Meta is sworn in as president.
June 9, 2021 – Albania’s parliament impeaches Meta by a 104-7 vote. The impeachment process moves to the country’s Constitutional Court for final approval.
February 16, 2022 – Albania’s Constitutional Court overturns the impeachment.
Brazil – Dilma Rousseff
Amid a severe recession, Rousseff was accused of hiding a budget deficit to secure her reelection. The tumult was intensified by allegations of widespread corruption within the Brazilian government, although Rousseff herself was not linked to bribery and other schemes.
January 1, 2011 – Rousseff is sworn in as Brazil’s first female president.
April 17, 2016 – A total of 367 legislators in Parliament’s lower house vote to impeach Rousseff.
May 12, 2016 – The Senate votes 55-22 to start an impeachment trial. Rousseff says she is the victim of a “great injustice.”
August 25-31, 2016 – The impeachment trial is conducted in the senate. Rousseff is convicted and removed from office by a 61-20 vote.
Guatemala – Otto Pérez Molina
A United Nations investigation into the Otto Pérez Molina administration uncovered evidence that the president and his aides took bribes in exchange for tax breaks for companies and individuals seeking to import goods into Guatemala.
January 14, 2012 – Pérez Molina is sworn in as president.
August 25, 2015 – Guatemala’s Supreme Court approves a motion by the country’s attorney general to impeach Pérez Molina.
September 2, 2015 – The attorney general issues an arrest warrant for Pérez Molina.
September 3, 2015 – Pérez Molina is ousted as president and taken into police custody.
Peru – Martín Vizcarra
Vizcarra, a politically unaffiliated centrist popular with voters, survived an impeachment vote in September 2020, but was ousted in a subsequent impeachment vote in November 2020. Vizcarra’s removal from office plunged the world’s No. 2 copper producer into political turmoil as it looked to recover from an economic recession brought on by the coronavirus pandemic.
March 23, 2018 – Vizcarra is sworn in as president, replacing former President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski who resigned amid allegations of corruption. Kuczynski resigned prior to a scheduled trial vote on his impeachment.
September 18, 2020 – Vizcarra survives an impeachment vote for alleged obstruction of justice, with 32 lawmakers voting to remove him. The vote falls short of the 87-vote threshold out of 130 needed to remove him from office.
November 9, 2020 – Peru’s opposition-dominated Congress votes 105-19 to impeach Vizcarra over corruption allegations and remove him from office. Vizcarra has denied the allegations, but accepts the impeachment decision. Thousands of Peruvians take to the streets to demonstrate against Vizcarra’s dismissal.
South Korea – Park Geun-hye
Park Geun-hye’s legal problems grew out of her close relationship with Choi Soon-sil, a church leader and spiritual mentor who allegedly encouraged her to pressure companies into making large donations to foundations affiliated with the church. Park is the first South Korean president to be impeached. After she was removed from office, Park was arrested and charged with multiple criminal offenses. She spent time in prison, but was granted a special pardon considering her worsening health condition.
February 25, 2013 – Park is sworn in as South Korea’s first female president.
December 9, 2016 – South Korea’s National Assembly votes to impeach Park.
March 10, 2017 – Park is removed from office. The decision leads to demonstrations, as Park’s supporters protest her removal from office while opposition groups cheer the court’s opinion. The ruling strips her of the immunity granted to presidents in South Korea, clearing the way for criminal charges.
